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Chapter 10 - Mobile Computing
This chapter describes how to configure and administer Microsoft® Windows® 2000 for mobile users. This includes hardware, power management, and security on portable computers, as well as Windows 2000 features and tools that are relevant to portable computer users. In addition, this chapter covers administrative issues that are relevant to roaming users if your organization uses roaming user profiles or folder redirection. Although remote network connectivity is an important aspect of mobile computing, this chapter does not discuss network connections.
In This Chapter
Mobile Computing Quick Guide
What\'s New
Setting Up a PortableComputer
Configuring Offline Files for Portable Computers
Configuring Power Management
Managing Hardware on PortableComputers
Security Considerations for Portable Computers
Folder Redirection and Configuring Roaming User Profiles
Hardware Issues Related to Portable Computers
Related Information in the Windows 2000 Professional Resource Kit
For more information about remote networking, see \"Local and Remote Network Connections\" in this book.
For more information about IntelliMirror™ management technologies such as Offline Files, folder redirection, and roaming user profiles, see \"Introducing Configuration and Management\" in this book.
Related Information in the Windows 2000 Server Resource Kit
For more information about IntelliMirror™ management technologies such as Offline Files, folder redirection, and roaming user profiles, see \"Introduction to Desktop Management\" in the Microsoft® Windows® 2000 Server Resource Kit Distributed Systems Guide
Mobile Computing Quick Guide
The following list is a brief summary of the mobile computing topics and tasks that are covered in this chapter. Use it to quickly find the information or task you are seeking.
Verifying the configuration of a portable computer.
Before you put a portable computer into service, you need to be sure that you have properly configured the software and hardware as well as any Windows 2000 features or components.
See \"Setting Up a Portable Computer\" in this chapter.
Gaining access to network files and folders while working offline.
Portable computer users who frequently use their computers while they are away from the office can continue working with shared network files and folders even though they are not connected to the network. The feature that enables this, known as Offline Files, also synchronizes differences between the offline and online versions of folders and files.
See \"Configuring Offline Files on a Portable Computer\" in this chapter.
See \"Managing Files, Folders, and Search Methods\" in this book.
Conserving battery power.
Portable computers often rely on battery power. Use Windows 2000 power management features to optimize battery use by configuring power schemes, standby settings, hibernation settings, and battery alerts.
See \"Configuring Power Management\" in this chapter.
See \"Hardware Management\" in this book.
Removing and swapping devices.
Knowing when it is safe to change device configurations is as important as knowing how. If you are adding or removing PC Cards, or docking and undocking a portable computer, you need to know how dynamic Plug and Play is implemented in Windows 2000.
See \"Managing Hardware on Portable Computers\" in this chapter.
See \"Hardware Management\" in this book.
Ensuring that a portable computer is secure.
Avoiding unauthorized access is the cornerstone of a secure system. However, you also need to maximize file and folder security, and minimize the risk of theft when it comes to a portable computer.
See \"Security Considerations for Portable Computers\" in this chapter.
See \"Security\" in this book.
Providing a consistent user environment for roaming users.
If you deploy Windows 2000 Professional with Microsoft® Windows® 2000 Server, you can use roaming user profiles and folder redirection to ensure that users have a consistent desktop environment regardless what computer they are logged onto in the organization.
See \"Configuring Roaming User Profiles and Folder Redirection\" in this chapter.
See \"Managing Files, Folders, and Search Methods\" in this book.
Identifying potential hardware incompatibilities with portable computers.
Some devices exhibit unexpected behavior when they are installed on portable computers. Knowing how particular devices impact some types of portable computers can help you avoid hardware configuration problems.
See \"Hardware Issues Related to Portable Computers\" in this chapter.
See \"Hardware Management\" in this book.
See \"Device Management\" in this book.
What\'s New
Microsoft® Windows® 2000 has several new features that are designed specifically for mobile users. In addition, several features in Microsoft® Windows NT® version 4.0 and Microsoft® Windows® 98 have been enhanced, providing even more functionality for mobile users. All of these new features and feature improvements are discussed in this chapter.
Offline Files Offline Files, one of the IntelliMirror™ technologies, stores information in a cache on a local drive so users can access shared files and folders when they work offline. When they reconnect to the network, Offline Files synchronizes the files stored on the local drive with the files on the network.
Hibernate mode During hibernate mode, a computer\'s current system state is saved to the hard disk and then the computer is turned off. When a user starts a computer after putting it into hibernate mode, it restarts any programs that were running when the computer entered hibernate mode and restores all network connections
ACPI and APM support Windows 2000 supports the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) specification, which takes over system configuration and power management from the Plug and Play Basic Input/Output System (BIOS). Windows 2000 also supports the Advanced Power Management (APM) 1.2 specification by taking over the power management from an APM 1.2 BIOS.
Management of power to disks and monitors You can configure Windows 2000 to turn off the power to a monitor or a hard disk even if the portable computer does not have an ACPI-based or an APM-based BIOS.
Standby mode (APM and ACPI only) All ACPI-based and some APM-based computers allow you to put a computer into standby mode. In this state, Windows 2000 puts the monitor, hard disk, and other hardware into a low power state but does not save the computer\'s current system state as it does in hibernate mode.
Battery management (APM and ACPI only) Windows 2000 Professional provides several new battery management features, including improved battery metering, dual battery support, and the ability to designate different power down options depending on whether your portable computer is powered by battery or alternating current.
Dynamic configuration of PC Cards If your portable computer has an ACPI-based BIOS, you can insert and remove PC Cards and Windows 2000 detects and configures them without your needing to restart the computer.
Hot and warm docking or undocking During Setup, Windows 2000 creates two hardware profiles for portable computers: one for when the portable computer is docked and one for when it is undocked. This, along with dynamic Plug and Play support, allows users to dock and undock from the Windows 2000 Start menu without turning off their computer.
Hot swapping of Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) and floppy disk drives Dynamic Plug and Play support allows you to remove or swap devices such as floppy drives, DVD or CD drives, and hard drives without shutting down or restarting the computer.
Folder redirection Folder redirection allows you to direct the contents of a folder to an alternate location on a server or a network share. When folder redirection is applied to folders such as My Documents, the redirection is transparent to the user.
Table 10.1 displays the new features that are implemented in Windows 2000 and compares them to the features in Microsoft® Windows® 95, Microsoft® Windows® 98, and Microsoft® Windows NT® 4.0.
Table 10.1 Comparison of Windows 2000 Mobile User Profile Computing Features Windows 2000 Feature
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows NT 4.0
Offline Files and synchronization
--
--
--
Briefcase
X
X
X
Hibernate mode
--
--
--
Manage power to hard disks and monitors
--
X
--
Standby mode (APM and ACPI only)
X
X
--
Battery management (APM and ACPI only)
--
X
--
Dynamic configuration of PC Cards
--
X
--
Hot docking and undocking of portable computers
--
X
--
Hot swapping of IDE and floppy devices
--
--
--
ACPI support
--
X
--
APM support
--
X
--
Folder redirection
--
--
--
Roaming user profiles
--
X
X
Setting Up a PortableComputer
This section identifies critical operating system components, properties, and features you need to configure before you put a portable computer into service. The information in this section is meant to be used as an administrative checklist. Use it as a quality assurance tool to help ensure that you have addressed the major configuration issues pertinent to portable computers. In-depth configuration information is provided in subsequent sections of this chapter.
Check BIOS Compatibility
If a portable computer has an ACPI-based BIOS, use the Hardware Compatibility List (HCL) to verify that it is compliant with the newest ACPI standard. If it is not, upgrade the BIOS to the newest version that is compatible with the ACPI standard. If you flash an ACPI-based BIOS on to your portable computer after you have installed Windows 2000 and your old BIOS was not ACPI-based, you need to reinstall Windows 2000. For more information about the HCL, see the Hardware Compatibility List link on the Web Resources page at
http://windows.microsoft.com/windows2000/reskit/webresources. For more information about upgrading the BIOS in a portable computer, see the Hardware Update link on the Web Resources page at
If a portable computer has an APM-based BIOS, run the Apmstat support tool to determine whether the BIOS has any known problems. If it has no known problems and you want to use APM to manage power on your portable computer, you must manually enable APM by using Power Options in Control Panel. You can install Apmstat by running Setup.exe, which is located in the Support\\Tools folder on the Windows 2000 Professional operating system CD.
Establish Group Memberships
If you are configuring a portable computer for someone who travels frequently, add this person to the Power Users group. This allows the user to install, uninstall, and configure software and Plug and Play hardware if a device fails or software needs to be reinstalled while he or she is not connected to the network. All other types of users should be members of the Users group, which does not allow them to install, uninstall, or configure software and hardware. In general, no users should be members of the Administrators group unless they need to install, uninstall, and configure non-Plug and Play hardware and drivers.
Verify Hardware Configuration
After you finish installing hardware on a portable computer, verify that all of the devices are operational when the computer is docked and undocked. Be sure to test the devices, as well as the docking and undocking functionality, as a member of the Power Users and the Users group. This testing is necessary because some printers, scanners, and ISDN adapters can be fully installed only by a member of the Administrators group; when these devices are installed by members of the Power Users or Users group, the devices might not be fully installed. Also, verify that the properties are set correctly for both the Docked Profile and the Undocked Profile.
Configure Power Management Options
Hibernate support and APM support are not enabled by default when you install Windows 2000. If you want to use these features, and your portable computer supports them, you must manually enable them by using Power Options in Control Panel. Also, hibernate mode must be entered manually unless the computer has an ACPI-based or APM-based BIOS that supports automatic hibernation.
Verify that the power scheme is appropriate for the end-user environment. Power schemes define how power is managed on a computer. The most useful power schemes for portable computers are Portable/Laptop, Presentation, and Max Battery. Using the Portable/Laptop power scheme might not be the best configuration. By default, it powers down the monitor after 15 minutes, which could be undesirable if the portable computer is primarily used for presentations. Using the Presentation scheme is best when a user is giving a presentation and it is imperative that the computer not enter standby mode. However, Presentation does not preserve battery power. Max Battery preserves battery life by putting the computer into standby mode or hibernate mode after the computer has been idle for a relatively short period of time. This is useful if the user does not mind frequently resuming the computer from standby mode or hibernate mode.
Install All Software
Be sure that all software and software components (for example, add-ins and spell check tools) are installed locally and run locally on the portable computer. You should not have any partially installed programs or distributed (COM+) programs installed on a portable computer that is frequently used offline. Install all software for personal digital assistants (PDA) as a member of the Administrators group because some PDA software cannot be installed by members of the Power Users group. Finally, members of both the Users and the Power Users group cannot use the Internet Connection Wizard to configure an internet connection; this must be done by a member of the Administrators group.
Configure Offline Content
Enable and configure file-storing settings on the server or network share for the files and folders that you want to make available offline. This is particularly important for folders such as My Documents if you have redirected them to a network share or a server. Also, make sure you have configured all offline files settings, including synchronization settings, on the portable computer.
If user is using an e-mail program or a Web browser, be sure to configure the e-mail program and the Web browser for offline content.
Configure Security
Because portable computers are vulnerable to theft, format all hard drives as NTFS and apply the appropriate permissions to files and folders that contain sensitive data. Also, encrypt files and folders that contain sensitive data, and require users to use strong passwords for logging on both locally and on the network.
Configure User Profiles and Folder Redirection
Do not use roaming user profiles or folder redirection if the portable computer is rarely connected to the network or is remotely connected to the network most of the time. These features are more suited to roaming desktop users or portable computer users who are connected directly to a network a majority of the time.
Configuring Offline Files for Portable Computers
Offline Files gives users access to files and folders that are on network shares even when they are disconnected from the network. It does this by storing the network version of files and folders on the local hard disk. When users are not connected to the network, they have access to the offline version of the files and folders as though they were connected to the network. When they reconnect to the network, the stored files and folders are synchronized with the network versions of the files. This section discusses configuration issues you need to consider when you are using offline files on a portable computer. For more information about configuring offline files and synchronization, see \"Managing Files, Folders, and Search Methods\" in this book.
Configuring Files on a Network Share for Offline Use
Before you can have access to the files on a shared network folder offline, you must specify how the files in the folder are stored in a cache on the client computer (in this case, the user\'s portable computer). For non-executable files, such as word processing documents, spreadsheets, and bitmaps, there are two options for storing files:
Automatic caching
Manual caching
Automatic caching makes a file available offline (creates a locally stored copy of the file) when a user opens the file on their portable computer. Automatically stored files might not always be available in the cache because Windows 2000 might remove (purge) them from the cache when the cache becomes full. Windows 2000 selects files for purging on the basis of how often they are used. Automatic caching is the most useful when you have an unreliable or unpredictable network connection. For example, if a user is working on an automatically stored file and the portable computer gets disconnected from the network, the user can continue working on the file without interruption because the file has been automatically stored on the portable computer. If a user requires that a file be available offline all of the time, the user should mark the file as Always available offline by using Windows Explorer or My Computer. For more information about making files available offline, see \"Pinning Files and Folders for Offline Use\" later in this chapter.
Manual caching makes a file or a folder available offline, but only when it is manually marked (\"pinned\"), on the user\'s computer. A manually stored file or folder that is not pinned on the user\'s computer is not available offline. Manual caching is useful for users who need access to a file or folder all of the time or for users who need access to entire folders, especially when the folder contains documents that have been created by or modified by other people. For example, manual caching works well for someone who frequently uses their portable computer away from their office without a network connection but who still needs access to a large number of files on the network. In this case, you can manually pin folders on the user\'s portable computer, and then those folders are available to the user when he or she is away from their office. Automatic caching is not ideal in this case because the files in the network folder are not locally stored unless the portable computer user opens each of them while the portable computer is connected to the network share.
To configure automatic or manual caching on a shared network folder
Right-click the shared folder you want to configure, and then click Sharing.
In the folder properties dialog box, click Caching.
In the Setting drop-down box, select the type of storing (caching) you want.
Note You can also choose Automatic caching for programs, which is useful if a user runs programs from the network. This option stores a copy of a network program on the user\'s hard disk so they can run the program when they are offline. However, portable computer users need to be careful when they use this feature because only the program files that are executed get stored on the local computer. For example, if you run Microsoft® Word from a network share but you do not use the spell checking tool, the spell checking tool is not stored. If you then run Word when you are offline and you try to run the spell checking tool, the tool is not available. To avoid this problem, you can load all of your programs and all associated tools locally on a portable computer and not use the Automatic caching for programs option.
Pinning Files and Folders for Offline Use
If you choose manual caching for offline files, you must pin the file or folder on the user\'s portable computer. When you pin a file or folder, a copy of the file or folder is copied to the local cache on the portable computer. By default, all users have permission to pin files and folders. However, you can use Group Policy to change this default behavior.
To manually pin a file or folder
While you are connected to the network, select the shared network folder or file you want to make available offline.
On the File menu, click Make available offline.
Note You can manually pin a folder or a file even when the folder or file has been configured for automatic caching. In this case, pinning forces the file or folder to be stored. Therefore, pinning has precedence over automatic caching.
When you manually pin a folder that contains subfolders, you are prompted to choose whether you want to make subfolders available offline or whether you want to make only the contents of the folder available offline. You can change this behavior by using administrative templates in Group Policy so that subfolders are always made available offline.
To make subfolders always available offline when a folder is manually pinned
From the Start menu, click Run.
Type:
gpedit.msc
Press ENTER.
In the console tree pane of the Group Policy console, under Computer Configuration, open the Administrative Templates folder, and then open the Network folder.
Click the Offline Files folder.
In the details pane, double-click Subfolders always available offline.
In the Properties dialog box, click Enabled.
You can also pin folders using the administrative templates in Group Policy. Along with other Group Policy settings, this is the best way to ensure that folders and their contents are always available offline.
To pin folders using Group Policy
From the Start menu, click Run.
Type:
gpedit.msc
Press ENTER.
In the view pane of the Group Policy console, under Computer Configuration, open the Administrative Templates folder and then open the Network folder.
Click the Offline Files folder.
In the details pane, double-click Administratively assigned offline files.
In the Properties dialog box, click Enabled, and then click Show.
In the Show Contents dialog box, click Add.
Enter the Universal Naming Convention (UNC) path for any folder or file you want to administratively pin. Do not enter a value for these folders. You can use environment variables in the paths.
When you administratively pin a folder using Group Policy, all files and subfolders within that folder are made available offline. As a consequence, the Make available offline menu item that appears when you right-click a shared folder or file is checked and disabled. This prevents users from manually unpinning administratively pinned files and folders, although they can still pin and unpin folders and files that have not been administratively pinned.
Users can delete offline files in the Offline Files folder even though they have been administratively pinned. However, the deleted files and folders are-stored the next time Group Policy updates policies on the computer (by default, every 90 minutes, although you can change this). Also, users can still enable, disable, and configure offline files unless you administratively restrict a user\'s ability to configure offline files, which you also can do by using administrative templates in Group Policy.
To prevent users from configuring offline files
From the Start menu, click Run.
Type:
gpedit.msc
Press ENTER.
In the view pane of the Group Policy console, under Computer Configuration, open the Administrative Templates folder and then open the Network folder.
Click the Offline Files folder.
In the details pane, double-click Disable user configuration of Offline Files.
In the Disable user configuration of Offline Files Properties dialog box, click Enable.
Be careful how you implement this policy. Preventing users from configuring offline files might not be appropriate for all portable computer users. For example, if a portable computer is frequently disconnected from the network and a user needs to reconfigure offline files, he or she is unable to do so. Administratively pinning folders might be enough to ensure that specific folders are always available offline and do not get unpinned or deleted from the cache by a user.
Configuring Options for Offline Files
A general overview of Offline Files options is presented earlier in this book. (See \"Managing Files, Folders, and Search Methods.\") Two of those options are particularly relevant to portable computer users: the size of the cache and the way Offline Files behave when network connections are disconnected.
Offline Files allows you to configure the amount of disk space that is used to store offline files (in other words, you can configure the size of the local cache). This option only affects offline files that are stored automatically; it does not affect offline files that are stored manually. Because disk space is often limited on a portable computer, you might want to modify this value if you are relying on automatic caching. By default, the value is set at 10 percent of disk size.
For manually stored files, the cache size is limited only by available disk space, up to a maximum value of 2 gigabytes (GB). This can be a problem if you are using manual caching and disk space is limited. In this case, you might want to limit the number of folders you manually store or change some folders from manual caching to automatic caching.
To change the size of the Offline Files cache
In Windows Explorer, open any folder that contains offline files
On the Tools menu, click Folder Options.
In the folder options dialog box, click the Offline Files tab.
Under Amount of disk space to use for temporary offline files, move the slider to change the cache size.
Offline Files also allows you to configure how lost network connections are handled. There are two options: Notify me and begin working offline, or Never allow my computer to go offline. The first option, which is the default, gives users access to offline files and folders when a connection is lost or when a connection is intentionally disabled or disconnected (for example, when a portable computer is undocked). The second option should be used carefully with portable computers because it prevents user access to offline files, whether a network connection is lost or is intentionally disabled or disconnected. In other words, if you choose the second option with a portable computer and a user disconnects the portable computer from the network, the user does not have access to any offline files. The offline files are essentially disabled. The following procedure describes how to change the way Offline Files is handled when a network connection is lost.
To change the way Offline Files is handled when network connections are lost
In Windows Explorer, open any folder that contains offline files.
On the Tools menu, click Folder Options.
In the folder options dialog box, click the Offline Files tab.
Click Advanced, and then choose either Notify me and begin working offline or Never allow my computer to go offline.
For portable computers that are frequently disconnected from the network, Notify me and begin working offline is the preferable setting. Because it is the system default for Offline Files, you should not have to change this option.
Configuring Synchronization for Offline Files
Synchronization ensures that any changes that are made to offline files and folders are propagated back to the network and that any changes that have occurred on the network are propagated to the user\'s computer. A general overview of synchronization options is presented earlier in this book. (See \"Managing Files, Folders and Search Methods.\") This section discusses synchronization features and options that relate specifically to portable computers.
Configuring Synchronization for Battery-Powered Computers
In order for synchronization to occur, the hard disk on a user\'s portable computer must be powered up so that files can be copied from the network to the local cache and files in the local cache can be copied to the network. This might not be an optimum use of power for a portable computer when it is running on battery power. Fortunately, there are configuration options that allow you to control whether synchronization occurs when a computer is running on battery power.
Enabling Synchronization During Idle
By default, offline files are not synchronized when a computer is in an idle state and it is using battery power. This is because portable computers rely on a low-power idle state to conserve battery power and you might not want to waste battery power synchronizing files. You can change this so that synchronization occurs when the computer is on idle even when the computer is running on battery power.
To enable synchronization during idle when running on battery power
From the Start menu, point to Programs point to Accessories, and then click Synchronize.
In the Items to Synchronize dialog box, click Setup.
In the Synchronization Settings dialog box, click the On Idle tab, and then click Advanced.
In the Idle Settings dialog box, click the Prevent synchronization when my computer is running on battery power check box to clear it.
Preventing Scheduled Synchronization
You can also schedule synchronization for specific days and times. Because a scheduled synchronization is often a low-priority task that consumes power, Windows 2000 allows you to prevent scheduled synchronization from running when a computer is operating under battery power.
To prevent scheduled synchronization when the computer is running on battery power
From the Start menu, point to Programs and then Accessories, and then click Synchronize.
In the Items to Synchronize dialog box, click Setup.
In the Synchronization Settings dialog box, click the Scheduled tab.
Click a scheduled task, and then click Edit.
On the Settings tab, under Power Management, click the Don\'t start the task if the computer is running on batteries check box.
If a scheduled synchronization is in progress and a portable computer is shifted from alternating current power to battery power, you can have Windows 2000 cancel synchronization. This might occur if scheduled synchronization starts on a docked portable computer that is using a wireless network connection and the user performs a hot-undock.
To stop scheduled synchronization when the computer is running on battery power
From the Start menu, point to Programs and then Accessories, and then click Synchronize.
In the Items to Synchronize dialog box, click Setup.
In the Synchronization Settings dialog box, click the Scheduled tab.
Click a scheduled task, and then click Edit.
On the Settings tab, under Power Management, click the Stop the task if battery mode begins check box.
Enabling Automatic Connection During Scheduled Synchronization
If a computer is not connected to a network when scheduled synchronization occurs, you can configure Windows 2000 to connect so that synchronization can occur. This might not be desirable for portable computer users, especially if they frequently use the portable computer while it is disconnected from the network. In this case, Windows 2000 attempts to connect to the designated network, detects that the computer is not connected to the network, and then informs the user that the network is not available. By default, Windows 2000 does not connect if there is no network connection at the time of synchronization.
To enable automatic connection for scheduled synchronization
From the Start menu, point to Programs point to Accessories, and then click Synchronize.
In the Items to Synchronize dialog box, click Setup.
In the Synchronization Settings dialog box, click the Scheduled tab.
Under Current synchronization tasks, click a scheduled task, and then click Edit.
On the Synchronization Items tab, click the If my computer is not connected when this scheduled synchronization begins, automatically connect for me check box.
Note You can also enable automatic connection during scheduled synchronization when you first schedule the synchronization.
Synchronizing Over a Slow Link
Windows 2000 does not provide a system-wide definition or threshold for a slow link; rather, Windows 2000 allows every system component to define a slow link in terms of its own capabilities and requirements. For example, one component might define a slow link as 28.8 kilobits per second (Kbps), while another might define it as 56 Kbps. For Offline Files and synchronization, a slow link is defined as any connection that operates at 64 Kbps or slower, which is the speed of a single-channel Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) connection. Therefore, most modem connections through telephone lines are considered slow link connections with regard to offline files synchronization. This is important because synchronization behaves differently depending on whether the network connection is considered a slow link or not.
A slow link connection affects synchronization two ways: it prevents the automatic transition of shared network folders to an online state, and it prevents newly added files from being pulled from the network share to the user\'s computer during synchronization. This behavior is not configurable, but it is important to know how the behavior affects portable computer users.
Transitioning from an Offline State to an Online State
After a network share has been offline to a user (for example, a server goes offline and is then brought back online, or a user undocks their portable computer and then docks it), it becomes available online for the user if three conditions are met:
No offline files from that network share are open on the user\'s computer.
None of the offline files from that network share have changes that need to be synchronized.
The network connection is not considered a slow link.
When all of these conditions are satisfied and a user opens a file on the network share, the user is working online on that network share. Any changes that the user makes are saved to the file on the network share as well as to the file that is stored in the Offline Files folder. When any one of these conditions is not met and a user opens a file on the network share, the user is still working offline, even though the network share is available. Any changes that the user makes are saved only to the offline version of the file.
When a user first connects to a network over a slow link connection, the user also is working offline on any shared network folders, even though the folders are available. To start working online with a shared network folder, the user must synchronize the shared network folder. Synchronization shifts the folder to an online state and pushes any offline files that have changed to the shared network folder. It does not pull files on the shared network folder to the Offline Files folder. To do this, the user must perform a second synchronization, which pulls files that have changed from the network share to the Offline Files folder.
Note When you are using a slow link connection, a second synchronization does not pull newly created files from the network share to the Offline Files folder. To make new files on the network share available offline during a slow link connection you must manually pin the files.
Making Network Shares Available Without Synchronization
As discussed in the previous section, slow link connections can prevent a network share from coming online even though the network share is available. Although you can bring the network share online by synchronizing it, this method might not be ideal — for example, when a user\'s portable computer is disconnected from the network and the user requires access to a file on a shared network folder that has been made available offline, a file to which the user has made several changes offline but is not ready to synchronize with the network share. Another example is when a user is in a hurry and does not want to take the time to synchronize files — the user wants only to connect to the network, get the new file from the network share, and then log off. Windows 2000 provides a way of doing this.
To make a folder available online without synchronizing offline files
In the System Tray, click the Offline Files icon to open the Offline Files Status dialog box.
Click the Work online without synchronizing changes check box.
Note The Offline Files icon appears in the System Tray when users are working offline.
Managing the Offline Files Folder
Portable computer users who frequently work offline might end up with hundreds of files stored in the Offline Files folder on their hard disk. Because many of these files might be out-of-date, rarely used, or no longer needed offline, you might want to delete them from the Offline Files folder (the cache) in order to maximize the available disk space. You might also want to delete files in the Offline Files folder if a network share has been deleted or is no longer available. In addition to deleting individual files, you can reinitialize the Offline Files cache, which deletes the entire contents of the Offline Files folder. Reinitializing the Offline Files cache is useful when you transfer a computer to a new user or when a user has been working offline with sensitive or proprietary documents and you want to ensure that they are no longer available offline or that they are not in the cache.
Deleting Files
There are two methods for safely removing offline files from the cache without affecting network files or folders. You can open the Offline Files folder and delete files directly from the list of offline files. This method of cleaning up the cache allows you to delete individual files regardless of where they are located on the network or of the folder in which they are contained. Also, when you delete a file this way, the file is removed from the cache regardless of whether it was manually or automatically stored.
If you remove a file from the cache and its parent folder is pinned, the file is copied to the cache the next time you synchronize offline files.
To delete files from the cache by using the Offline Files folder
In Windows Explorer, open a shared network folder.
On the Tools menu, click Folder Options.
In the Folder Options dialog box, click the Offline Files tab, and then click View Files.
Click the file you want to delete, and then on the File menu, click Delete.
You can also delete files on a network-share basis. This method allows you to delete batches of files according to the shared folder in which they are contained. This method also allows you to distinguish between automatically stored files and manually stored files. If you delete manually stored folders this way, the folders and the files in them are no longer be pinned. To make these files or folders available offline again, you must pin the files or folders. When you delete automatically stored files this way, you only need to open the files to make them available offline.
To delete files from the cache on a network share basis
In Windows Explorer, open a shared network folder.
On the Tools menu, click Folder Options.
In the Folder Options dialog box, click the Offline Files tab, and then click Delete Files.
In the Confirm File Delete dialog box, select the shared folders that contain the offline files that you want to delete.
Click the Delete only the temporary offline versions check box if you want to delete only the files that have been automatically stored. Click the Delete both the temporary offline versions and the versions that are always available offline check boxif you want to delete files that have been automatically stored and files that have been manually stored.
Note Files are also deleted from the cache whenever an offline file is deleted through any usual user path, such as Windows Explorer, My Computer, the Run dialog box, or the command prompt. As soon as the user verifies that he or she wants to delete the file, the file is removed from the cache. This is not an effective way to clean up the cache because it also deletes files in the shared network folder.
Reinitializing the Cache
Reinitializing the Offline Files cache deletes all of the offline files from the Offline Files folder, and it resets the system\'s Offline Files database. If there are files in the cache that have changed and have not been synchronized with the network versions, the changes are lost when you reinitialize the cache. Also, this procedure requires that you restart the computer after the cache is reinitialized.
To reinitialize the Offline Files cache
In Windows Explorer, open a shared network folder.
On the Tools menu, click Folder Options.
In the Folder Options dialog box, click the Offline Files tab.
Press CTRL + SHIFT, and then click Delete Files.
Caution You cannot undo the effects of reinitialization. After the cache is reinitialized, all offline files are permanently removed from the computer.
Configuring Power Management
Power management allows you to configure how a computer consumes energy. In Windows 2000, power management is based on the ACPI architecture implementation, which is based on the OnNow design initiative for power management. The OnNow design initiative is a comprehensive, system-wide approach to system and device power control based on a group of new specifications. The ACPI architecture gives the operating system complete control of power use on the computer. Windows 2000 also supports some implementations of the APM architecture. However, APM does not give Windows 2000 control of the power being used by devices (that is, power that is controlled by the BIOS), and your ability to manage power is more limited with APM-based computers than it is with ACPI-based computers.
Even if you do not have an APM-based or an ACPI-based computer, Windows 2000 allows you to manage some aspects of power consumption. For example, depending on the capabilities of your hardware, you can power down disks, turn off power to monitors, and put the computer into hibernate mode.
This section discusses power management in Windows 2000. It includes procedures for configuring and using power management as well as procedures for identifying whether your computer is ACPI-based, APM-based, or neither.
ACPI Power Management
Windows 2000 directs power management through the ACPI system. Unlike previous approaches to power management, ACPI manages power for the entire system, including all system devices and peripherals. To make this possible, the operating system must direct power to the computer. Older power management architectures, such as APM, do not do this. For these systems, the BIOS controls the power state of system devices. However, ACPI makes it possible for the operating system to coordinate power management activities at all levels and define the power-state transitions for the system.
With ACPI power management, the computer has the ability to function as follows:
The computer is be ready for immediate use when the user turns it on.
The computer appears to be off when not in use, but it can still respond to wakeup events. Wakeup events can occur when a device receives input, such as a telephone ringing, or when software requests that the computer wake up at a predetermined time (for example, to download e-mail so it is ready in the morning).
The system can change how software responds when the power state of the computer changes. The operating system and applications work together intelligently to operate the computer and deliver effective power management according to the user\'s current actions. Applications do not keep the computer busy unnecessarily; instead, they proactively participate in shutting down the computer to conserve energy and reduce noise.
All devices can participate in the power management scheme, whether the device was originally installed when Windows 2000 was installed or it was added as a peripheral after Windows 2000 was installed.
Figure 10.1 shows the components of the ACPI system.
Figure 10.1 ACPI System Components
Applications that were developed before ACPI was available were designed with the assumption that the computer is always fully powered while the application is running. Such applications can inadvertently keep the system from entering a lower power state. In addition, these applications can fail if the computer enters standby mode or hibernate mode and then wakes up.
Managing Power with ACPI
In ACPI, power policy is based on the end user\'s preferences, the application requirements, and the system hardware capabilities. In other words, although Windows 2000 supports ACPI, applications need to be designed to work with ACPI power management and Plug and Play to make the entire process seamless.
The operating system controls energy use by putting the computer into a low-power state (for example, standby mode) when the computer is not in use. What determines how to save energy and when to go into a low-power state is referred to as the operating system\'s power policy. Power policy is distributed throughout the system, with system components acting as policy owners. For example, the operating system itself is the policy owner for determining when the computer should go into standby mode and hibernation mode and how to operate the processor to obtain energy conservation and meet thermal and audible noise goals.
There is also a policy owner for each device class on the computer. The policy owner for a particular device class is the component that is aware of how the device is used by the end user and the applications. This is generally a high-level component and in most cases a Win32 Driver Model (WDM) class driver. Each policy owner must manage power appropriately for its class and work consistently with the operating system\'s policy for putting the computer into a low-power state such as standby mode or hibernate mode.
How ACPI Works
For the ACPI system to be successful, Windows 2000 must be aware of how power management features integrate throughout the computer. This is done through the ACPI implementation, which is based on the OnNow design initiative. This feature is a system interface that provides a standard way of controlling the power management and Plug and Play functions of the computer hardware. ACPI allows the operating system to automatically turn on and turn off standard devices, such as CD-ROMs, network adapters, hard disk drives, and printers, as well as consumer devices that are connected to the computer, such as video recording and play-back devices, televisions, telephones, and stereo phonograph and CD players.
For a system to be completely OnNow capable, the system BIOS must support ACPI. The BIOS plays an important role in the ACPI by working with Windows 2000 to perform the necessary initialization processing and handoff during startup and when the working (full power) state is resumed from standby mode or hibernate mode. Figure 10.2 is an overview of the ACPI.
Figure 10.2 Overview of the ACPI
The ACPI specification has two parts: configuration (Plug and Play), and power management. ACPI gives Windows 2000 and the device drivers full control over power management. The BIOS provides Windows 2000 with access to the hardware controls for controlling power in the system. Windows 2000 and the device drivers, which are aware of the system\'s active state, determine when to turn off devices that are not in use and when to put the entire system into standby or hibernate mode.
Because power management is controlled by the operating system, there is a single user interface for managing power that works on all ACPI computers and simplifies the experience for the end user. ACPI also provides details to the operating system about system capability and sources of events. For example, an ACPI computer and operating system can do the following:
Be sure the screen does not turn off in the middle of a presentation.
Allow the machine to \"wake\" at a specified time to perform a task but not turn on the monitor and drives needlessly.
Allow the user to choose what the power and reset buttons on the computer do to the operating system. You can configure the power button so that it does not shut down the computer. Instead, it puts the computer into standby mode.
How APM Works
In contrast to ACPI, there is the APM BIOS version 1.2 specification. With APM, the BIOS controls system power management. The BIOS has timers that monitor most interrupts and the data that is being transmitted through the input/output (I/O) port. When the timer for a device exceeds a value set in the BIOS setup, the BIOS turns off the device. When the system-wide timer exceeds some value set in the BIOS, the BIOS sends a message to Windows 2000 to put the entire computer in a low-power state. Windows 2000 then verifies that the computer is ready to be placed into standby mode or hibernate mode, and it tells the BIOS to do so. The APM BIOS is also responsible for monitoring the battery status and requesting a low power state if the battery is getting low. In general, APM has the following limitations:
Inconsistent user interfaces. Each BIOS has its own user interface and its own power management behavior. This means every computer operates differently — users have to be retrained on each computer.
Reasons for suspend are not known. Because of the architecture of the APM BIOS interface, the APM BIOS cannot inform Windows 2000 that a request is a response to the user pushing a sleep button, to the BIOS sensing that the system is idle, or to the battery running out of power. As a result, Windows 2000 must always honor this suspend request and attempt to put the computer into low-power state — even if the computer is not idle. For this reason, it is recommended that you set the BIOS time-out settings to a very large value or turn them off.
Devices might be turned off at inappropriate times. By monitoring I/O ports and interrupts, the BIOS is essentially trying to determine what the user and the applications are doing. Although this often works, there are many scenarios in which the response of the BIOS is incorrect — for example, the BIOS turns off or slows down a computer when it is in use (such as a screen saver turning on in the middle of a presentation), or the BIOS does not turn off a truly idle computer.
BIOS detects activity only on devices that are residing on the motherboard. The BIOS cannot detect devices that are not on the motherboard, such as USB devices and IEEE 1394 devices. As a result, the system might appear to the BIOS as if it were not in use, even if one or more of these off-motherboard devices actually is in use.
In addition to these general limitations, there are several limitations specific to Windows 2000:
Windows 2000 only supports the following APM features: battery status, suspend, resume, and hibernate. It does not support other APM features such as timer wake up, wake-on-local area network (LAN), or wake-on-ring.
APM is supported only on portable computers.
APM is not supported in the Windows 2000 Server family of products.
APM does not work with multiprocessor systems.
In the following section, APM and how you can configure APM so that it works with Windows 2000 Professional are discussed.
BIOS Compatibility and Configuration
To use ACPI-based or APM-based power management features with Windows 2000 Professional, the ACPI-based BIOS on your computer must be fully ACPI-compliant, or the APM-based BIOS on your computer must be compatible with Windows 2000. In addition, you must configure an APM-based BIOS in order for power management to work properly with Windows 2000.
Checking ACPI Compliance
During setup, Windows 2000 determines which hardware abstraction layer (HAL) to install on a computer. This determination is based on whether a computer has a compliant ACPI BIOS or not. If it does, the ACPI HAL is installed and you are able to use the ACPI power management features; if it doesn\'t, an older HAL is installed and the ACPI power management features are not available.
Note In general, the HAL directs information from the operating system and device drivers to specific devices. ACPI-based computers require an ACPI HAL. Non-ACPI-based computers require an older HAL.
To determine which HAL to install, Windows 2000 performs the following procedures during setup:
Windows 2000 checks the ACPI BIOS tables that are generated during startup. These tables list the devices that are installed on the computer and their power management capabilities.
If this information is missing or if the information is in the wrong form, an older HAL is installed.
If the tables are correct, Setup checks whether the BIOS is known to be incompatible or non-compliant with the ACPI standard.
If the BIOS is incompatible, an older HAL is installed.
If the BIOS is not on the incompatible BIOS list, Setup looks at the BIOS date.
If the BIOS is not on the incompatible BIOS list and the BIOS date is later than 1/1/99, Windows 2000 accepts it, and the ACPI HAL is installed.
If the BIOS is not on the incompatible BIOS list and the BIOS date is earlier than 1/1/99, Setup looks for a compatible BIOS.
If the BIOS is on the compatible BIOS list, an ACPI HAL is installed.
If the BIOS is not on the list, an older HAL is installed.
You can check a computer\'s BIOS compatibility on the Microsoft Windows Hardware Compatibility List (HCL) Web site. For more information about the HCL, see the Hardware Compatibility List link on the Web Resources page at
http://windows.microsoft.com/windows2000/reskit/webresources. If you have already installed Windows 2000, you can check to see whether the computer is operating in ACPI mode by following this procedure.
To determine whether Windows 2000 is running in ACPI mode
From the Start menu, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel.
Double-click Administrative Tools, and then double-click Computer Management.
In the view pane, click Device Manager.
In the details pane, click System devices.
If Microsoft ACPI-Compliant System is listed under System devices, the computer is operating in ACPI mode.
If you have an ACPI BIOS but Windows 2000 didn\'t install in ACPI mode, you might have a non-compliant ACPI BIOS. Check your computer manufacturer\'s Web site to see whether a more recent ACPI BIOS version is available. If one is available, you have an older HAL installed on your computer, and you flash a new BIOS version on to your computer, you must reinstall Windows 2000. Reinstalling Windows 2000 is the only way to replace an older HAL with an ACPI HAL. For more information about upgrading the BIOS in a portable computer, see the Hardware Update link on the Web Resources page at
http://windows.microsoft.com/windows2000/reskit/webresources. To determine which hardware abstraction layer is installed
Find Hal.dll (which located in %SystemRoot%\\system32).
Click the file, and on the File menu, click Properties.
In the hal.dll Properties dialog box, click the Version tab.
On the Version tab, in the Other version information box, in the Item name pane, click Original Filename.
Look under Value.
If halacpi.dll is listed, an ACPI HAL is installed on the computer. If hal.dll is listed, a previous HAL is installed.
Note ACPI functionality is new, and features are being added by BIOS manufacturers and system manufacturers. If functionality is missing that you believe should exist, if you are experiencing unusual behavior with a BIOS that is dated later than 1/1/99 or a BIOS that is listed on the compatible BIOS list, verify with the computer manufacturer that you have the most current BIOS revision installed on the computer.
Checking APM BIOS Compatibility
Windows 2000 supports APM version 1.2 on portable computers, but the computer must have a compatible APM BIOS for APM features to work properly. Windows 2000 determines whether a BIOS is APM-compatible during setup. On the basis of this determination, Windows 2000 does one of the following:
Installs APM support (Ntapm.sys and Apmbatt.sys) and enables APM if the computer\'s BIOS is found on the auto-enable APM list. APM is fully functional after Setup completes.
Does not install or enable APM support if the computer\'s BIOS is found on the disable APM list. APM does not work reliably, and it should not be used on the computer, or data loss might occur.
Installs APM support but does not enable APM support if the computer\'s BIOS is not on the auto-enable APM list or the disable APM list. APM might work properly, but you have to enable APM in the Windows 2000 graphical user interface (GUI) for APM to be enabled. (See \"Enabling and Configuring APM\" in later this chapter.)
Important APM must be enabled in the BIOS before Windows 2000 is installed. If APM is disabled in the BIOS before installation, Windows 2000 does not install power management support even if the APM BIOS is on the auto-enable APM list.
If APM is not enabled after you install Windows 2000, either the computer\'s BIOS is on the disable APM list, or it is not on either the disable APM list or the auto-enable APM list. You can determine this by running the Apmstat.exe tool, which is part of the Windows 2000 Support Tools. The Windows 2000 Support Tools are included on the Windows 2000 Professional operating system CD.
To install the Windows 2000 Support Tools
Run Setup.exe, which is located in the Support\\Tools folder on the Windows 2000 Professional operating system CD.
The Apmstat.exe tool must be run from the command line. It has one command line switch (-v), which indicates that you want the tool to run in verbose mode. You do not need to run the tool with the -v switch in order to determine APM BIOS compatibility.
To check APM BIOS compatibility by using Apmstat.exe
From the Start menu, point to Programs and then Accessories, and then click Command Prompt.
Type:
apmstat
Press ENTER.
If Apmstat.exe reports that an APM BIOS is known to be incompatible or that an APM BIOS is known to have problems, you must not attempt to circumvent Windows 2000 Setup by forcing it to install APM support. This might cause a computer behave erratically, and it might result in the loss of data. In addition, if an APM BIOS is known to be incompatible, make sure that APM is disabled in the BIOS.
If Apmstat.exe reports that an APM BIOS is not known to be compatible and it is not known to be incompatible, you might still be able to use APM, but you need to enable and configure APM in order for it to work effectively on your computer.
Enabling and Configuring APM
APM must be enabled before you can use it. However, you can only enable APM if Windows 2000 installed APM support during setup. You can verify whether APM support is installed by using Device Manager. Enabling APM does not require that you restart the computer; however, disabling APM does require it.
To verify that APM support is installed on a computer
From the Start menu, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel.
Double-click Administrative Tools, and then double-click Computer Management.
In the view pane of Computer Management, click Device Manager.
On the View menu, click Show hidden devices.
If NT Apm/Legacy Support is present in the details pane, APM support is installed.
To enable APM
From the Start menu, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel.
Double-click Power Options.
In the Power Options Properties dialog box, click the APM tab.
On the APM tab, in the Advanced Power Management check box, click Enable Advanced Power Management support?
Note The APM tab is present only if an APM BIOS is detected that is either APM 1.2 compliant or might not be APM 1.2 compliant but might work. It is not reccomended that you enable APM support on a computer that has a BIOS that is not APM compliant. If you experience problems after enabling APM support, disable APM and contact the computer manufacturer for an updated BIOS. In addition, the APM tab is not present if a computer has multiple processors because Windows 2000 does not install APM support on multiprocessor computers.
You can verify that APM is enabled and running by looking at the Shut Down Windows dialog box. This procedure only works on computers that have a non-ACPI BIOS
To verify that APM is running on a computer
Click Start, and then click Shutdown.
In the Shut Down Windows dialog box, under What do you want the computer to do?, look for Stand by. If it is present, APM is running.
Although Windows 2000 supports APM, you might have to configure two settings in the APM BIOS before APM works properly. First, configure BIOS time-outs to the longest possible time or disable them. This allows the operating system rather than the BIOS to control time-outs. Be aware that some APM BIOSs turn off or refuse to function if all time-outs are disabled, so it might be better to set time-outs to the maximum allowed time rather than disabling them. Second, make sure that screen blanking is turned off in the BIOS. Screen blanking reduces power to the display, which causes the display to appear as though the computer is shut down. Normally, activating a pointing device wakes the system and restores power to the display. However, USB and other external pointing devices do not wake the system, and power is not restored to the display. You can usually turn off screen blanking in the BIOS by disabling the time-out for the display or by setting the time-out to the maximum value.
Finally, do not use a supplemental video card with a portable computer if you are using APM. Only use the video card that is included with the portable computer. The APM BIOS might not detect a video card that is added to the system or a video card that is in a docking station. If the adapter is not discovered by the APM BIOS, suspend does not work.
Power Management Options
Whether you have an ACPI-based or an APM-based computer, you must enable or configure the power management options; otherwise, they do not function properly. This includes choosing and configuring a power scheme, enabling hibernate mode and the battery status indicator, and configuring the power button and the battery alarms.
Configuring Power Schemes
Power schemes allow you to configure how and when a computer turns off devices or enters a suspend state. For example, you can set individual power-down settings for the monitor and the hard disk. (Depending on the computer\'s hardware capability, you might be able to configure these settings even if the computer is not ACPI-enabled or APM-enabled.) If the computer is ACPI-enabled or APM-enabled, you are also able to configure power-down settings for standby mode and hibernate mode, although you must first enable hibernate mode or it is not available. (For information about how to do this, see \"Hibernation and Standby\" later in this chapter.) ACPI and APM also allow you to configure these settings separately depending on whether the computer is powered by alternating current or a battery. There are six default power schemes: Home/Office Desk, Portable/Laptop, Presentation, Always On, Minimal Power Management, and Max Battery. You can customize any scheme or add new schemes to fit a specific situation.
You need to configure the power scheme for a portable computer because the default power scheme is Home/Office Desk, which does not optimize battery power. The power scheme might also need to be changed according to how the computer is used. The Presentation scheme is useful because it prevents the computer from entering standby mode or hibernate mode.
To configure power schemes
From the Start menu, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel.
Double-click Power Options.
In the Power Options Properties dialog box, click the Power Schemes tab.
Select a power scheme, and then change any of the settings you want.
Hibernate Mode and Standby Mode
When a computer enters hibernate mode, the current state of the computer is saved to disk and the power to the computer is turned off. When a computer resumes from hibernation, it reads the state data from the disk and restores the system as it was before it entered hibernate mode. Software programs are restarted, and network connections are restored.
Hibernate mode must be enabled; by default, it is disabled. If a computer is not ACPI-enabled or APM-enabled, you are able only to enter hibernate mode manually. You are not able to set the computer to autohibernate after a certain time. ACPI-enabled and APM-enabled computers are able to enter hibernate mode automatically. Resuming from hibernate mode requi
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